This study attempts to examine Korea’s translation culture and main focus by looking at the translation history of Russian literature. The elites who had studied in Japan during the Japanese Colonial Era, introduced the works by Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Chekhov and promoted the translation of Russian literature. Afterwards, the Russian literature that was introduced only in Japanese or English translation came to establish a strong internal foundation as professionally educated and trained translators of Russian literature began to translate the original works into Korean. After the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the Russians in the 1990s, the translation of Russian literature became active. The second-generation Russian literature scholars who had studied abroad translated the 19th and 20th century Russian literary works vigorously and showed outstanding quality translations. The third-generation Russian literature scholars who were trained after the restoration of the diplomatic relations participated in active exchange with the locals and began to widen the scope through the translation of popular literary works. What lies ahead of us is a very important task regarding Russian literature translation. Systematic and methodical translation work must be established so that the Russian literature can not only continue to have an outstanding readability, just the way the writers of the past initiated, but also come to possess an appeal for the general readers. Furthermore, such a system must not just result in the simple translation of foreign works of literature but become a foundation for literary advancement as it exerts its own influence on the works of the domestic literary writers. For such system to be established, there must be a close and intimate exchange among the translators, the publishers, and the literary circles, in which a big picture can be drawn. The group must grasp the overall flow and make a correct diagnosis so that the influential literary translation can take place. A diverse course of translation should be vigorously sought after and must include the works of representative writers of each generation, the works consisting of a contemporary phenomenon that can introduce new literary trends, and the works for the public’s amusement and enlightenment.